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ECO Ecology --- biodiversity --- ecology --- natural history --- the Mediterranean ( = region ) --- Ecology --- Natural history --- History, Natural --- Natural science --- Physiophilosophy --- Biology --- Science --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology

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Un environnement climatique et géologique en perpétuel changement a créé, au fil des siècles, la diversité du monde vivant qui nous entoure. Ce patrimoine dont l'inventaire reste inachevé est pourtant menacé. L'activité humaine détruit de nombreux milieux naturels, entraînant la disparition de milliers d'espèces. La recherche d'un équilibre entre les contraintes du développement économique et le respect de l'environnement est désormais indispensable si l'on veut préserver la richesse même de notre planète.

Ecology --- Biological diversity --- Biodiversity --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Biological diversification --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species

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General ecology and biosociology --- Ecology --- Biotic communities --- Biotic communities. --- Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities

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This book is about historical archaeologies all over the world; about their history, their methods, and their raison d'etre. The focus is on an existential question for archaeology: whether investigations of mate­ rial culture are necessary at all when studying societies with writing. Is it not sufficient to read and interpret texts if we wish to understand and explain historical periods? This book has been written out of a conviction that archaeology is important, even in the study of literate societies. Yet the book has also been written out of a conviction that the importance of the historical archaeologies is not obvious to everyone. The disciplines have a tendency to be marginalized in relation both to history and to archaeology and anthropology, because the archaeologi­ cal results are sometimes perceived as unnecessary confirmations of what is already known. Although I regard theoretical considerations as crucial for all scholarly work, I do not think that the solution to this marginalization can be found in any "definitive" theory that might raise the disciplines above the threatened tautology. Instead, I have found it more important to examine different methodological approaches in the historical archaeologies, to investigate how material culture and writ­ ing can and could be integrated. I am convinced that the tautological threat should be averted in the actual encounter of artifact and text. By problematizing this encounter, I believe that it is possible to create favorable methodological conditions for new perspectives on the past.

Archaeology and history --- Archaeology --- Archéologie et histoire --- Archéologie --- Methodology --- Méthodologie --- Archaeology and history. --- Archéologie et histoire --- Archéologie --- Méthodologie --- Archaeology. --- Anthropology. --- Ecology . --- Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Human beings --- Archeology --- Anthropology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Ecology

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Ecology --- Nature conservation --- Conservation of natural resources --- Human ecology --- Nature conservation. --- Ecology. --- Human ecology. --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Conservation --- Social aspects --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on